Geology intro

Introduction:
-Minerals are made of atoms (first discovered 15k years ago)
-Democritus: an Atomist
-An Atom: In the middle contains protrons (+) and neutrons (o), orbiting them are electrons (-)
-Number of protons = the atomic number (it decides what the element is, its characteristics, etc)
-2 ways to change the atomic number: 1)nuclear fusion: Happens in the sun 2) Nuclear fission: breaking it down
-# of protons = # of electrons
-electrons have layers called shells--1st shell holds 2 electrons, 2nd hold 8, 3rd hold 8, 4th holds 18
-every electrons wants a full outer shells, so it will give or take electrons
-Ion: an atom that either gave or took electrons
-Cation: an atom that has a positive charge, as it gave away electrons (meaning more protons than electons) ex. sodium Na +1 is a cation.
-Anion: Negatively charged atom, as it took for electrons. ex. Chloride Cl becomes -1.
-Positive and negatives attracts thus Na +1 and CL -1 will stick together to form NaCl with a charge of 0. This kind of bond is known as ionic bond.
-Covalent bond is when atoms share an electron to complete its outer shell, this bond is stronger than ionic bond

Surface of the Earth is mostly made of these 8 elements:
1) S (silicone)
2) Fe (iron)
3) K (potassium)
4) Na (sodium)
5) O (oxygen)
6) Mg (Magnesium)
7) Al (Aluminum)
8) Ca (Calcium)

5 requirements to be considered a mineral:
1) Naturally occurring
2) crystalline
3) Solid
4) Inorganic
5) Specific Chemical composition

What is a rock? A coherent aggregate of one or more minerals.

Characteristics of a rock:
color- not a good indication
cleavage- breakage along the weak bonds, shiny flat surface, either none or 1/2/3/4 and 90/not 90
streak- color in its powered form
Hardness- resistance of mineral to scratching. Mohs is one of the founding fathers of Geology, ranked hardness minerals from 1 to 10, called it Moh's hardness scale.
Specific gravity: the heft of the mineral, either L/M/H
Luster- how light refracts on its surface, either metallic/non-metallic
Crystal form- whole crystal or not, either cleavage fragment/fractured fragment/ or none aka. aggregate

How minerals form (3 ways):
1- precipitation: formation of a solid from a solution (= ions dissolved in water)
2- solid state reaction (oxydation/rusting)
3 - freezing (of magma)

when magma (hot soup of the 8 elements) cools it forms:
@ 1100 C = Olivine -> Pyroxene (augite) -> Amphibole (Hornblende) -> Micas -> @ 700 Quartz

K +1, Na +1, O-2, Ca +2. Fe, Mg +2, Al +3, Si +4

Si attracts 4 O's because of its charge. Any minerals with SiO4 is olivine , also can contain Mg and Fe

Mineral: Olivine -> Augite -> Hornblende -> Mica -> Quartz
Tetrahedron: Isolated -> Chain silicate-> Double chain silicate ->sheet silicate -> Framswork
formula:SiO4 -> SiO3 -> Si4O11->SiO5---------------->SiO5----------->SiO2
Charge:-4 -> -2 -> 1.5 -> -1 -> 0

= Bowen's reaction series (discontinuous)
&

Continuous:
-when augite forms, feldspars also form. 1st is calcium rich plagioclase to balanced calcium/sodium to sodium rich plagioclase.
-Orthoclase and muscovite in forms too

Ultra-mafic : green. High melting point
Mafic( from Magnesium + iron): dark.
Intermediate: gray
Felsic (from feldspare + Silica): Pink, Light

Igneous rocks:
-Formed with Magma freezes.
two types: Phaneritic and Aphanitic

Phaneritic: formed inside the earth in a pluton, has larger crystals, cools slowly, crystals seen through naked eye. Formed from Magma = intrusive

Aphanetic: formed above the ground (volcanic rock), smaller crystals, cools quickly. Formed from lava = Extrusive

Porphyritic: Large and small crystals, cools underground then goes up in the surface

Pegmatitic: Huge crystals, H2O flows in magma

Glassy: Forms so quick that no crystals form (Obsidian)
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TYPE-------------------Phaneritic----------------Aphaneritic
Ultramafic-------------Peridotite-----------------Komatiite
Mafic------------------Gabbro--------------------Basalt
Intermediate----------Diorite---------------------Andesite
Felsic------------------Granite-------------------Rhyolite

Outliers:
Dacite- Andesite with quartz ( quartz is usually in granite only)
Dunite- Peridotite with sugarly texture (all olivine)
Syenite- Granite without quartz (less than 5% quartz)
Tuff- Volcanic ash, tiny obsidian droplets, not compositionally a rock
Welded Tuff- Compressed volcanic ash
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Rock Cycle

1- magma
2- cools and forms igneous rocks
3- weathered away through mechanical weathering or chemicals weather forming clasts and solutions.
4a- Clasts goes through lithifications and becomes clastic sedimental rocks
4b- solutions precipitates and become chemical sedimentary rocks (like salt)
5- goes through heat and pressure to become metamorphic rocks (solid state reaction)
6- Melts and goes back to Magma

* The cycle does not go in order, can skip around

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Sedimentary rocks:
Weathering= when rocks break apart to sediments
Erosion= sediments travel gets deposited in a basin, and lithifies and glues together to become a sedimentary rock.

-fossils in sedimentary rocks

Ways of mechanical weathering (5):
1- jointing breaking of rocks through cracks (ie exfoliation, removing outer layer through jointing)
2- frost wedging/ salt wedging: water/salt freezing in the cracks at night then melts in the day
3 - root wedging: tree roots breaking through the rocks
4 - thermal expansion: heat from the sun expanding rocks with heat and contracting them at night
5- abrasion: stream tumbling and glaciers

Chemical Weathering (4):
1- Disolution: solution break down the rock. (i.e. coal burning create carbon dioxide in air, thus acid rain--sulfuric rain--will react with limstone, burning it)
2- oxidation: oxygen + metal = rust (statue of liberty, grand canyon 10 to 15 mil years old red of canyon is rusty iron aka hematite)
3- hydrolysis: Acidic water (all water is acidic) H2O breakdown. Granite is easy to break down.
4- Hydration: Absorption of H2O, clay minerals, very sticky, greases up.

Goldich's stability series= same order as Bowen's reaction series with olivine being the least stable of holding its shape and quartz is the most resistant.

Precipitation: non-biological and biological----
Non-bio
1- Halite (salt) 2- Calcite 3- gypsum (biggest crysals)
Bio
1- Calcite (shells) 2- chalcedony (aka quartz) 3 types 1 - agate (has layers) 2 - Japser (red) flint (black)


Steno's laws:
Original horizontality: if sediments are deposits in basin they always lay horizontally. If not then they were disrupted by earthquakes.* this rule does not apply with area of earthquakes
Law of superposition: the bottom rocks are older than the top
Lateral continuality: same type of rocks will be found in the coast from north to south


Lithification: steps= 1 compactions then 2 cementation(glue like quartz to hold together calcite)

Gravel: more than 2mm
Sand: 2mm to 1/16mm
Silt: 1/16 to 1/256
Shale: 1/256 and beyond (striated, can be parted)

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Metamorphic rocks:

Heat and pressure
Pressure increases 1k bars every 3.3 km in depth (1 bar - atm)
Geothermal gradient- temperature increases 24 C every km in depth

prograde metamorphism= more heat and pressure creates a new rock

2 types of metamorphic rocks:

1-contact--low pressure and high heat. non foliated. formed around the pluton
2- regional--high p, high h. foliated

Contact:
Hornsfel- from mafic rocks
Quarzite- from quartz
Marble- from limestone has cleavage
skarn- from limestone "xmas tree rock"
serpentine- from peridotite, looks like serpent skin

regional:
slate into phylite, into shist (sub shist- garnet, staurlite, soapstone) into gneiss, then megatite, to magma.

Places

-The container store

-paragon plastics in S.PAS

-Hasting plastics/resin etc in santa monica (hastingsplastics.com (310) 829-3449)

-Kellypaper fairoaks/s. of del mar (626) 683-9611

-allmusic.com- cd research

Brands of the World

-Try: Acetate (ink jet, or laser jet), int orchromatez, colortage, color or metallic paper, matalicordolon, spraypaint

Forms of Advertisement

Forms of Advertisements (5/24/10 Lecture)

Media Print: Magazine, Billboard (bus,bench, etc), Posters, Fliers, Transit, Direct Mail Marketing, Newspaper, Stickers, Yellowpages

Digital Media: Internet, Web Banners & spam & popups, Bus Ads (Digital), Airplanes & Gas pump screen, Movie Theatre commercial

Broadcast: TV ad, Radio, infomercials

Other/unconventional: Banners (airplane), Product Placement, Digital marketing (Facebook), on/in products, Telemarketing, Word of mouth, Point of purchase, Blimp

Promo: T-shirts, Giveaway, Calendar

Collateral Materials: Business Cards, Brochures, Newsletter, Marketing & PR, packaging

Scanning procedure

1) Scan@100% proper ppi(pixels per inch)

-commonly used: 300 ppi

-print at 260 ppi is good enough

-Silver

2) Rule of 1.5 | 2 x screen= (ppi) Resolution

Rule of 1.5 (by now should be rule of 1)

3) Color Mode

Compression (depends on output device)

RGB: JPEG, GIF, PNG (lossey compression)--loses information 72 ppi

CMYK: TIFF, PSD (non-lossey compression)

-Eye can see the most color, then RGB, CMYK

-TIFF good for print

4) Adjustments (adj layers) non-degenerative

Descreening- getting rid of the dots in all scanned pictures

5) Sharpen

script

History

Americans adopting children born in Asian countries has become increasingly popular in recent decades starting from the 1950s.

Many children were born with american GI fathers and Asian mothers during the years of the korean and vietnamese war.

In China, with the establishment of the one child policy, undesirable children, particularly girls, were given up for adoption during the 1980s.

Other reasons for abandonment include economic poverty, unability to provide for their children , stimatization for infants born from wetlock as well as the aftermeth of divorce.

In the united states, the demand for parents wanting to adopt transnationally has been rising beyond the number of the available children in the American orphanages and, because there is such high demand, the overcrowding orphanages in Asia has supplied America with more children to adopt.

On average China has been the number one exporter of adoptees with 3000 in 2009, South Korea in 2nd place with 1080 in the same year, then Vietnam, India, phillipines, taiwan, and thailand with 56.

Struggles for the Adoptee and Family

As adoptees do not acknowledge their Asian-ness, they become aware that they are not white and culturally confused during their high school years.

Feelings of not belonging are felt by the adoptee; they are white, but at the same time asian. What makes them white is their upbringing, culture, and language. But they cannot be accepted as white because of their asian looks.

The two clash and adoptees go through a period with internalized racism, and refusal to acknowledge their Asian exterior because to the adoptees, admiting it would mean admitting to being an outcast.

In exetreme cases, some adoptees such asYun-sook kim Navaree, seek to end oversea adoption as they see it as having their culture "ripped from them". Instead, she proposes alternative solutions such as supporting the birthmother so the family can stay in tact or birth control. Adoptees, like Yun-sook, seek to go back to Asia and to their roots.

In college, as an example of unbelonging, adoptees will encounter a number of APAs, however APAs might reject them for being too "whitewashed" for only speaking one language or feel the unbelonging for not having the ability to understand.

In a study by Adoption Institute, results showed that adoptees recognized themselves as their parents ethnicity, but, with the increase of education the adoptee has, the more adoptees saw themselves as Asians than American.

How They Cope

To help adoptees, adoption agencies provide culture camps and heritage tours to help the adoptees by exposing them to Asian culture.

Adoptive parents have also been largely supportive when it comes to adoptees seeking their birth parents and the exploration of their culture.

Through a studies done by Asian-Nation, adoptees have shown they were more likely to explore their culture and that adopted parents were more educated on matters of addressing racial differences with the aid of education centers provided by adoption agencies.

Adoptees find their own identity by creating their own labels and keeping contact with other asian adoptees.